What constitutes a prudent strategic planning process(In public Essay

What establishes a reasonable key arranging process(In open assistance) - Essay Example During the time spent setting up a methodology, the principal measure must set up an establishment for the procedure. This involves arranging how to actuate the procedure of methodology making. This learns no hitches are knowledgeable about the arranging procedure. As indicated by Norman Flynn, this method is known as arranging how to design (Norman 184). This methodology further guarantees that rules for the procedure are obviously verbalized previously. The objective for setting out techniques involves accomplishing the strategic vision of the individual open organ. All things considered, it is basic that these be illuminated unmistakably in the key arranging process. This is relied on the way that, this guarantees the techniques are figured in accordance with the separate vision and strategic the open organ. This affirmation is additionally refered to by different analysts (Bryson 266). At the point when this isn't clung to, the open organ risks detailing excess methodologies in this manner obstructing its general advantage to people in general. Regularly, there are characteristic factors that keep a firm from absolute adequacy in its commanded task. It is just in the occasion where such factors, if to be sure they exist, are tended to will the association understand its strategic vision. In that capacity, a significant component in a vital administration process distinguishing proof of these elements. These inborn components design a center method of reasoning behind the disappointment of open undertakings (Steiner, 325). A wide range of techniques are typically proposed during the vital arranging process. In any case, it takes huge consideration to show up at the most valuable road. The group entrusted with this order needs to weight the effect of all the proposed methodologies and suggest the most fitting one. The group must look to respond to preset inquiries on the best road to utilize (Sukumar 134). The best system ought to be the one that emphatically responds to these preset inquiries. At its peak, the arranging procedure

Starting a Job Search Do These 8 Things First

Beginning a Job Search Do These 8 Things First After the financial downturn in 2010 and 2011, the joblessness rate in the United States tumbled from more than 9 percent to under 6 percent, as per the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Be that as it may, a lot of individuals despite everything experience lay-offs, RIFs, and different circumstances that lead to work misfortune. At the point when you end up without a wellspring of pay, start your pursuit of employment on a positive note with these eight fundamental advances. 1. Set a ScheduleApproach work chasing with a similar association you bring to your work.Job searchers frequently start solid, at that point slack off following a couple of long stretches of disillusioning outcomes. As indicated by the Bloomberg View, the normal time spent on work looking through drops by 30 minutes out of every day after 12 weeks.Create day by day objectives for yourself that may incorporate scouring work commercials, conveying resumes, or systems administration with partners. Change your exercises fr om everyday so the hunt doesn’t become repetitive, however keep a set calendar to keep up your momentum.2. Change Your ResumeUpdate business dates, sets of expectations, and different subtleties on your resume to guarantee it motivates a good impression. Use activity words at whatever point conceivable to exhibit your hard working attitude and your experience.However, fight the temptation to misrepresent on your resume. Forbes reports that 40 percent of human asset experts have expanded their reality looking at endeavors to weed applicants who stretch the truth.3. Solicitation a ReferenceSend your previous business an email to get some information about references. You don’t need a standard reference letter from your old chief, yet ask about future requests.Simply express that you should give their contact data to an imminent boss. Ask how the individual would want to deal with it. For instance, a few supervisors would prefer to handle calls, while others would like to type up a reference letter.4. Practice Your PoiseIf you’ve appreciated a similar activity throughout the previous 10 years, catch up on your meeting aptitudes. Ask a believed companion or relative to fill the role of the questioner for a fake meeting.Practice keeping in touch, posing natural inquiries, and reacting persuasively to troublesome inquiries. Pretending improves your relational abilities, yet it likewise decreases your uneasiness about the genuine thing.5. Approach Your AcquaintancesMine your system of past partners, bosses, and partners. Connect through email, call, or content to get some information about their lives or to welcome them to interface with you by means of social media.Your existing contacts offer an abundance of chances. Businesses never publicize somewhere in the range of 70 and 80 percent of accessible occupations, as indicated by NPR, so you may get a referral to a position you could never have known existed.6. Explore the IndustryDon’t d epend on existing information to fuel your pursuit of employment. Rather, explore the businesses where you would like to work to find out about enhancements, headways, and changes. Utilize this information to intrigue potential managers with your expertise.7. Communicate Your BrandJust like significant organizations, work searchers need to mark themselves. Locate your extraordinary selling recommendation, at that point make it known through correspondence with potential managers. What do you bring to the table that makes you more alluring than the following resume-using work hunter?8. Secure the Right SuppliesAlways print your resume on top notch paper on the off chance that you convey it face to face. You may need a day organizer or scratch pad in which to sort out the subtleties of your pursuit of employment or an application for your telephone that makes you aware of planned gatherings and meetings.

How to Write the Northwestern Supplement 2019-2020 TKG

How to Write the Northwestern Supplement 2019-2020 Northwestern University is a private research university ‘headquartered’ Evanston, Illinois and with satellite campuses in Chicago, Illinois, and Doha, Qatar. There are 21,000 students in total across the campuses and 8,600 undergraduate students. Northwestern is known as an academically excellent institution and one of a small group of highly coveted non-Ivy League schools with an overall acceptance rate in the single digits. However, Northwestern may be best known for the Performing Arts department. Seth Meyers is a graduate of the program, along with many other big Hollywood names. We really appreciate Northwestern for publishing the Regular Decision acceptance rate and the Early Decision acceptance rate. It’s nearly always easier to get into a school Early Decision, but few applicants realize how much of a difference there is. At Northwestern, the most recent Regular Decision acceptance rate was a mere 6.4%. The Early Decision acceptance rate was a soaring 25%. This makes f or an average acceptance rate of 8.9% when adjusted for how many more students apply RD than ED. Which is all to say, you should seriously consider applying to your top attainable choice Early Decision. The 2019-2020 Northwestern supplement is the same as last year, but we like to take a fresh look anyway. Other parts of your application give us a sense for how you might contribute to Northwestern. But we also want to consider how Northwestern will contribute to your interests and goals. In 300 words or less, help us understand what aspects of Northwestern appeal most to you, and how you'll make use of specific resources and opportunities here.   Do you plan to complete the ''Why Northwestern'' Statement? (We HIGHLY recommend you complete this essay.)* (300 words) Ok, we have a quick bone to pick. @Northwestern, why make this supplement optional if you are so emphatic that people do it? The only reason that we can think of is that you want to raise your application numbers, and on e of the easiest ways to do that with no investment is to make the supplement optional, and we think it’s shady and also super obvious. If you are interested in Northwestern, this supplement isn’t optional. This only further underlines our stance on ‘optional supplements.’ If you’ve read any of our other supplement posts, you know that optional doesn’t mean optional, so the all-caps emphasis isn’t necessary for us. Three hundred words is short, but it is enough space to fit everything that we want you to include. First, you should start with an anecdote or a short story that ties you to the academics and activities that you will be emphasizing in this supplement. For example, you could start by writing about a lab experience that combines your dual passions for biology and animal rights, which you will be continuing to pursue at Northwestern. After the anecdote, you continue into how you will pursue your passions at Northwestern. Ground the anecdote at Northwestern. Yo u need to include your prospective major, a professor or two you would like to work with and why, and a class you are interested in taking. You should also try to mention a specific program or research in a particular area that you’d like to take part in. After exploring your academic path, you need to take your supplement outside of the classroom. If you are intending on playing a sport, this is where to mention it. You should specify if you intend on playing on a club, intramural, or official NCAA team. Do not say that you are going to join the NCAA Division I soccer team unless you have had significant conversations with the coach. This is also the place to mention if you have visited the campus. Keep the mention short and focus on the specifics. They know you visited. It’s in your file. You don’t need to drive home something they already know, and they certainly do not need to be reminded how pretty the campus is or how ‘cool’ and ‘grounded’ the students seem to be . When closing out this supplement, circle back to your starting anecdote and emphasize how you can see yourself at Northwestern.  If you are struggling with how to use your Early Decision ‘card,’ give us a call. We are experts at crafting perfect-fit college lists that position you for success.

Camaraderie in All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich...

Between the years of 1914 to 1918, the whole of Europe was locked in arms, not only for pride but mostly for survival. The years of war brought devastation upon all societies. Men were massacred in droves, food stuff dwindled, and at times an end seemed non-existent. The foundation of the first Great War, one can muse, began as a nationalistic race between rival nations. By the onset of 1914, once the Archduke Frendinad had been assassinated in Saravejo, the march for war became not just a nationalistic opinion, but now a frenzy to fight. In battle, unlike previous wars, new weaponry caused drastic alterations in strategy. No longer will armies stand to face their rivals on the plains. Now the war will be fought in trenches, hidden†¦show more content†¦At one point during the story, Paul Baumer returns home for a short leave from the front line. While at home he is faced with old faces, some who want only to hear of the war. Those who want to hear the war and stories constan tly put a strain on Paul’s psyche. He describes in several occasions that when the conversation of war came up he would only others funny stories but nothing of his hardship. Some, like his mother, asked about the conditions of the front line. Paul is unable to describe world of the front line because he is afraid once the conversation starts he will be unable to control his feelings. â€Å"I am afraid they [words] might then become gigantic and I be no longer able to master them† (Remarque, 165). This is paramount to the life a soldier, he must be able to control his emotions in order to survive. In other circumstances, the older men wish to know of the progress of the war. In one part of the story, a few elderly gentlemen were speaking of strategy and how to win the war with Paul. The older men do not appear to be very sympathetic to Paul’s struggles and ask him sensitive questions. Paul, though angry, does not react to their prying. At one point one of the me n talks of destroying the â€Å"froggies† and â€Å"johnnies†, in reference to the French and English soldiers, and remarks that Paul and the army should â€Å"shove ahead a bit out there with yourShow MoreRelatedLost Generation Theme745 Words   |  3 PagesThe Lost Generation and Camaraderie Created by War Rats scuttling around. Lice crawling everywhere. Diseases spreading like wildfire. Imagine living in conditions like this for weeks on end. Add bullets constantly whizzing past, bombs being dropped, poison gas permeating the air, and this is the reality for soldiers in the trenches, and the men in All Quiet on the Western Front. Paul, the narrator and a German soldier, along with fellow classmates, join the army after being persuaded by theirRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front Theme Analysis741 Words   |  3 Pagesmen in All Quiet on the Western Front. Paul, the narrator and a German soldier, along with fellow classmates, join the army after being persuaded by their teacher. Based on their teachers description of war, they enter believing war will be a glorious experience. Their beliefs quickly shatter when they witness the first death. Throughout the novel Paul loses many of his friends and sees firsthand how war affects soldiers. Paul soon realizes how war dramatically changes men. In All Quiet on the

American Dream Analysis - 995 Words

White picket fence, a wife to come home to, kids. In the book, Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, Steinbeck tells a story about a mentally challenged man named Lennie, who is taken care of by his best friend, George. The book takes place in the 1930’s and the two men have just begun working on a ranch. Throughout the book many events happen that teach valuable life lessons. Also, as the reader gets to know the characters more and more, the reader is able to realize that each character has their own dreams and aspirations for life. These dreams are used to resemble Steinbecks opinions about the American dream. Therefore, Steinbeck proves that the American dream is unrealistic and unable to be achieved; this is proved through the dreams of†¦show more content†¦Now that Lennie is around, his life aspirations have changed so now he wants to own his own farm while Lennie is there tending the rabbits. A quote that shows that George’s dreams and regrets in life is â €Å"God a’mighty, if I was alone I could live so easy. I could go get a job an’ work, an’ no trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month come I could take my fifty bucks and go into town and get whatever I want.†(Steinbeck 8) George loves Lennie but with Lennie’s disabilities, he could be a burden sometimes. This quote proves George does have regrets about taking on Lennie which reflects on him not being able to achieve his original dream. His original dream, similar to the original American dream of a white picket fence, was to live his own life stable and maybe with a family. Therefore, George taking on Lennie proves that stuff happens in life that conflicts with plans so the American dream isn’t achievable. As George’s life has changed due to this, him and Lennie make their own dream about the farm. â€Å"O.K. Someday- we’re gonna get the jack together and we’re gonna have a little house and a couple of ac res an’ a cow and some pigs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Steinbeck 10) Here, George is talking about the plans they have after they make enough money on the ranch to leave. Again, the dream of the farm is never achieved because of Lennie’s death. Thus proving Steinbeck’s point that the American dream is unachievable and unrealistic. The character Crooks has been working hardShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreAnalysis Of The American Dream In The Death Of A Salesman1917 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican writer, James Truslow Adams defined the â€Å"American Dream† as the â€Å"dream of a land in which life should be better and richer, and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement† (Clark). Many mistakenly associate the American Dream’s success with materialistic wealth, such as the Kardashian’s or Mark Zuckerberg’s,   the success of the American dream to be associated with materialistic wealth, but Adams refers to it as a better lifestyle. Even though the UnitedRead MoreThe American Dream Analysis1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream was developed by James Truslow Adams in 1931, and he stated, â€Å"the American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability and achievement.† This concept is flawed in today’s standards as Adam’s â€Å"better and richer and fuller† life, is more focused on being successful and accepted, rather than being happy. Therefore, Adam’s â€Å"American Dream† needs to be revised to imply that success doesn’tRead MoreAnalysis Of The American Dream1063 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the American Dream? Is it home ownership, gaining fame or wealth, having a great family or is it gaining a peace of mind? Many people have different versions of what the American Dream is, some people believe the dream is lost, and some p eople are right in the middle and still believe the American Dream is still alive. â€Å"The American Dream† by Brandon King debates about what the true state is left in the American Dream now. Throughout the essay, King asks if the American Dream is dead, aliveRead MoreThe American Dream Analysis827 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream is another controversial element of American life whose validity was well-debated by writers of the era. This was an ideal that many immigrants from the Old World strived to achieve, hoping that their penniless fortunes would quickly change for the better. One author, William Bryant Cullen, emphasized how America is a refuge for â€Å"Earth’s trodden down and opprest† peoples, including the â€Å"hunted head† and the â€Å"starved laborer.† This phrase from the patriotic poem indicates that theRead MoreThe American Dream Analysis1162 Words   |  5 Pagesblack women in his writing? Why? What is The American Dream? What is the Dream Coates talks about? What is the difference? This should be three paragraphs long. (He goes further into it on page 146) * The American Dream is the ideal that anyone can be successful if they work hard enough. This insinuates that America is the land of equal opportunity where any individual can pursue happiness and prosperity through hard work and dedication. This â€Å"Dream† is found in the Declaration of IndependenceRead MoreThe American Dream Case Analysis1355 Words   |  6 Pages American Dream Case Analysis At 1981, The George A. Hormel Meatpacking Company cut wages from $10.69 to $8.25 to claim the need to remain competitive. Companies threat workers that they either close one plant and then open it at lower wage places or exit the business directly. Local unions like P-9 firstly request that all the workers should stick to $10.69 an hour in ten or fifteen years that we could call its target point. The company didn’t agree, they asserted new member workers the companyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The American Dream 1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe American dream to me is a secure way of life for the future. Having a steady job, no struggles and financial securities. Living life to the absolute fullest while being successful by doing what you love. So my idea is supported by connecting to Sam Walton and Jay –Z profiles/interviews. The interview says no matter how hard you had it growing up, you can still conquer anything if you work hard enough and put your mind to it. T his is the same as the visual image of the homeless person in theRead MoreAnalysis Of Urban And The American Dream Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagesemerged in the mid-twentieth century. There are many influential films that have emerged from this genre such as City of God (2002) and Straight Outta Compton (2015). Urban/hood films generally surround young men, that are typically Black/African-American (but other racial groups can be present as well) who live in the impoverished areas of cities. The characters of these movies are often trying to find a way to better the standards of their lives (and may compromise their moral beliefs to accomplishRead MoreLevitt American Dream Analysis726 Words   |  3 Pages The Levitts have a simple version of the American Dream during the 1950s. Each son had a specific American Dream they were trying to achieve. For Alfred, the American Dream was to be married and to make other people happy. He does this by making the communities have a perfec t design with green grass. William Levitts viewpoint on the American Dream is different from Alfred. William wanted to make money and live a life of which he is â€Å"on top of the world.† A quote which shows this states â€Å"In his

Describe and Critically Evaluate Kohlberg’s Theory of...

INTRODUCTION Lawrence Kohlberg born in 1927 was an American Psychologist who led the movement in the study of moral development in the late 1950’s. He is an outstanding example of research in the Piagetian tradition. He set out to improve and extend the work of Piaget. His work focused on Moral Development and Moral reasoning and began to develop a stage theory of moral thinking. His theories were based on the way children, adolescents and adults develop moral reasoning. The first three of these stages were in essence Piaget’s initial formations concerning cognitive reasoning. In his doctoral dissertation (1958a) while studying at the University of Chicago Kohlberg composed six stages (in three levels, with two stages each) of moral†¦show more content†¦Crain (1985) Level two stage three is the level of conventional morality. The child or adolescent start to judge the morality of their actions in relation to the approval of family and society. Kohlberg (1973) suggests they make decisions based on what will make them popular and try to live up to the good boy or good girl expectation. The next stage four is maintaining the social order and obeying the laws and social conventions. Moral reasoning in stage four is thus beyond the need for individual approval exhibited in stage three; society must learn to transcend individual needs. The level of post conventional morality is the persons view of what is right and wrong. Realisation that individuals are separate entities from society now becomes salient. At stage five people begin to ask â€Å" What makes a good society?† Crain (1985) states that they begin to think about society in a very theoretical way. They are interested in the benefits of the community as a whole rather than the individual. Anyone who has reached stage six will have developed a set of personal ethics, they will have Universal Principles and work towards the concept of a good society. Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and that a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws. Colby et al 1983 states it appears that people rarely if ever reach stage six ofShow MoreRelatedKohlberg s Theory Of The Development Of Moral Judgement1693 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Critically Evaluate Kohlberg’s Theory of the Development of Moral Ju dgement† Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) further developed the works of Piaget (1896-1980) on moral development. This essay will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Kohlberg’s theory in a critical manner, looking at the positive aspects of his research and the disadvantages of the types of situations he gave in his experiments, the universal accuracy of his results and the controversial findings of sex differences in regards toRead MoreErickson s Theory Of Moral Development1537 Words   |  7 PagesMultiple Choice Directions: Read each question thoroughly and circle the correct answer that best answers the question. 1. Which stage of Erickson’s Theory of Psychosocial development describes when adolescents are figuring out who they are? During this stage adolescents struggle with questions such as what is and what isn’t are important to, what are their values, and who will they become when they grow up? a. Initiative vs Guilt b. Trust vs Misrust c. Integrity vs Despair This is a knowledgeRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology14082 Words   |  57 PagesPOINT OF VIEW ON THE BASIC ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT. DETERMINE, DISCUSS AND EVALUATE THE POINT OF VIEW OF VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY AND THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH WITH REGARD TO THE ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUOUS OR DISCONTINUOUS) * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT: ONE OR MANY * FACTORS THAT DETERMINE DEVELOPMENT (NATURE/NURTURE) Introduction Child development has many theories with different ideas about what children are likeRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology14091 Words   |  57 PagesOF VIEW ON THE BASIC ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT. DETERMINE, DISCUSS AND EVALUATE THE POINT OF VIEW OF VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY AND THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH WITH REGARD TO THE ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUOUS OR DISCONTINUOUS) * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT: ONE OR MANY * FACTORS THAT DETERMINE DEVELOPMENT (NATURE/NURTURE) Introduction Child development has many theories with different ideas about what children areRead MoreExposure to Violent TV Causes Aggressive Behavior in Children3662 Words   |  15 Pagesswitch is the ultimate defense, and parents wield it (Mortimer, 1994). Parents do have a duty to protect their children from the effects of violent television (Zuckerman, 1993), and one way that parents protect their children is to teach them such moral values as honesty, courage, and self-control (Browden, 1995). However, because the children are directly involved in this problem, and are the ones who are watching and being affected by the violent television they are viewing, They need to participateRead MoreEthical Decision Making and Behavior13474 Words   |  54 Pagesdilemmas we find ethics to be less a goal than a pathway, less a destination than a trip, less an inoculation than a process. —Ethicist Rushworth Kidder WHAT’S AHEAD This chapter surveys the components of ethical behavior—moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation, and moral character—and introduces systematic approaches to ethical problem solving. We’ll take a look at four decision-making formats: Kidder’s ethical checkpoints, the SAD formula, Nash’s 12 questions, and the case study methodRead Moreethical decision making16006 Words   |  65 Pagesthe three ethical dilemmas? What other information would be helpful to know about these situations to make a decision? CHAPTER FOCUS Virtue or Character Ethics Principle-Based Ethics: Developing Moral Rules Utilitarian Theories: Doing the Most Good for the Most People Deontological Theories: Balancing Rights and Obligations Justice in Health Care Values and Health Policy Ethics of Care Ethical Problems Faced by Community Nurses: The Research Ethical Decision Making Service Learning:Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesINTRODUCTION 1 3 THE CRITICAL ROLE OF MANAGEMENT SKILLS The Importance of Competent Managers 6 The Skills of Effective Managers 7 Essential Management Skills 8 What Are Management Skills? 9 Improving Management Skills 12 An Approach to Skill Development 13 Leadership and Management 16 Contents of the Book 18 Organization of the Book 19 Practice and Application 21 Diversity and Individual Differences 21 Summary 23 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 24 Diagnostic Survey and Exercises 24 Personal Assessment

The Rise of Islamism in the 20th Century free essay sample

Islamism is by now a powerful force. It runs governments in Iran, Sudan, and Afghanistan. It is an important force of opposition in Algeria, Egypt, Turkey, Lebanon, and the Palestinian authority. The paper at hand is going to analyze what conditions and events allowed for the rise of Islamism as an ideology in the later 20th century? The first part is going to introduce the concept of eurocentrism. Following this, Kemalism and its effect on Islamism is going to be discussed. In the last part of the paper post-modernism and Khomeini and their role in the rise of Islamism are highlighted. EUROCENTRISM Eurocentrism can be described as a phenomenon establishing the West as the center of the world by equating it with modernity and as a result make it the destiny of the world to become westernized, since this is equal with being modern. This development is based on the idea that the West knows best (Sayyid, 127). This concept has its historical roots in European colonialism and imperialism. The discourse of eurocentrism is one of the major strands with which the network of western global power is held together (p. 129), since it provides them with a sense of nity and power, which serves as legitimacy for claiming to be the center of the world. Opposition that wants to resist this hegemonic order, can do so only in the terms of that hegemony. This leads to another assumption of eurocentrism: there is nothing outside the Western project. (p. 135) KEMALISM After the post-colonial order and the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the Muslim world was dominated by Kemalist discourses. Influenced by eurocentrism, Kemals vision was to mimic the European way of building and reigning a nation to become like the West and as a result become modern and reach political efficacy (Sayyid 155). This aim to become like the West resulted in major changes in Turkey and other countries being influenced by the Kemalist discourse. Before being abolished by the Kemalist regime, the caliphate constituted the nodal point, around which the Muslim unity and identity was built. At the same time it was the centre of the Muslim political structure, attaching Islam as a master signifier to the state. (p. 57) Abolishing the caliphate separated the link between state and Islam. The goal of Kemalism was to disconnect Islam from the state to be able to establish a hegemonic discourse without having to integrate Islam. Being aware of the fact that the Kemalist government could not neglect Islam altogether, since the possibility of using it to mobilize support still existed, Kemal tried to tie it in into his discourse. Acts like the abolishment of the caliphate and putting all educational institutions under direct state control to avoid Islamic concepts being taught, sought to distance and even exclude Islam from the Kemalist Turkey. (pp. 63-64) The effect of Kemalism on the role of Islam was different than expected. Instead of depoliticize Islam the policies of the Kemalist reactivated it. By removing it from the centre of their construction of political order, they politicized it. Unsettling it and disseminating it into the general culture made it available for reinscription. The rise of Islamism was enabled through the possibility to articulate it into a counter-hegemonic discourse. (pp. 72-73) Additionally, the social crisis, in which the discourse of Kemalism was in, was severe enough to make Kemalism appear unstable and Islamism, because at this time seeming to be the only discourse that was structured in an otherwise unstable environment, could emerge as opposition to Kemalism. It provided Muslim societies with social order and stability. Nevertheless, the existence of Islam alone cannot account for Islamism, since it is not a reflection of the religion, but it becomes a political discourse that makes use of Islam to undermine the Kemalist regime. Islamism makes use of the availability of Islam and increases its availability at the same time. Through this relationship a two-way process evolves in which Islam and Islamism are organized around each other. (p. 2) The most important task for Islamism was to establish Islamism as a counter-hegemonic discourse through the construction of order to be able to rule in opposition to Kemalism. Hence, overall the emergence of Islamism was equally dependent on the availability of Islamism and the erosion of Kemalism. (p. 77) The new hegemony of Islamism was only able to emerge because the old one began to unravel. Reasons for the failure were among others that the project of Kemalism failed to constitute all social rela tions and was not able to make all subjects within the Kemalist regimes fully internalize this discourse. It was not evenly represented in all Muslim societies and was therefore not able to impose it totally. (p. 85) This incompleteness of the discourse resulted in the politicization of Islam, which at the same time was also based on the inability of the Kemalists to make their picture of Islam as the backward, superstitious and traditional discourse seem natural. (p. 86). On top the Kemalist regime had difficulties to suppress existence of an Islamist opposition. All together these factors weakened the Kemalists hold as a hegemonic discourse. The only emergent counter hegemonic discourse readily available to substitute the crumbling anciens regime appeared to be Islamism, despite its uneven presence. (p. 86) POST-MODERNISM Around the 1970s, after the decline of Kemalism, the situation began to change. It became possible to articulate political demands using a vocabulary centered on Islam, without any attempt to associate Islam with the West (Sayyid 155). This period, called post-modernism, constitutes a critique of modernity, which tries to abolish the view of the West and modernity being synonyms. It aimed at breaking the substitutability of the West and modern. Decentring the West meant the weakening of this constructed western identity. If the West ceased to exist as an unified entity, it could not provide the unity to constitute modernity. (p. 110) Post-modernism did not see the West as continuing to be the nodal point of the discourse of modernity and decentred the West. (p. 110) This post-modern mind-set further spurred the emergence of Islamism, since it was only able to exist in a world in which there was suspicion of a western meta-discourse (p. 18). This possibility of rejection of westernization depended on the recognition that there was no historical necessity of the western hegemony; and after two world wars, decolonization and the decline of Kemalism there was enough support for this assumption. Only in a context in which it was possible to disarticulate and re-articulate the relationship between the West and universalism in a way that it was no longer seen as the center and equal to modernity, could Islamism emerge. (p. 128)